11.1 WEATHER-RELATED AVIATION ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS AT THE NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD
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11.1
WEATHER-RELATED AVIATION ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS AT THE NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD James T. Skeen, Jr.* and Shavonne L. Reed National Transportation Safety Board, Washington, DC
1.
INTRODUCTION
3. RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES SAFETY BOARD METEOROLOGIST
OF
THE
The investigation of aircraft accidents in the United States began with the first fatal airplane accident in 1908 when Orville Wright was seriously injured and Lt. Thomas Selfridge was killed while conducting acceptance trials for the U.S. Army. The Aeronautical Board of the Signal Corps investigated the accident and attributed it to “the accidental breaking of a propeller blade and a consequent unavoidable loss of control” (Bruggink, 1992). The complexity of aircraft accident investigations has increased exponentially from the early days of aviation. Today, a typical air carrier accident will involve hundreds of federal and company investigators and thousands of man-hours before the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) meets to determine the probable cause. This paper focuses primarily on the role of the Safety Board meteorologist in aviation accident investigations. Responsibilities of the meteorologist, data acquisition and analysis methods, and external interactions with the scientific community are highlighted. In addition, weather-related safety recommendations issued by the Safety Board are discussed. 2. BACKGROUND
The Safety Board is an independent Federal agency charged by Congress with investigating all civil aviation accidents in the United States. In addition, the Safety Board investigates significant accidents in other modes of transportation: railroad, highway, marine, and pipeline. At the conclusion of the investigation, the Safety Board determines probable cause/s and issues safety recommendations aimed at preventing future accidents. Since the inception of the modern-era Safety Board in 1967, the Safety Board has investigated more than 120,00 aviation accidents. More than 5,000 aviationrelated safety recommendations have been issued, about 80 percent of which have either been adopted by the recipients or remain in an open status.
*Corresponding author address: James T. Skeen, Jr., National Transportation Safety Board, Office of Aviation Safety (AS-30), 490 L’Enfant Plaza East, S.W., Washington, DC 20594-2000; e-mail: skeenj@ntsb.gov
A staff of four meteorologists serves as the primary meteorological resource for the Safety Board. In addition to aviation accident investigation activities, the staff supports Safety Board investigations into weatherrelated marine, highway, pipeline, and railroad accidents. The staff meteorologists assist in weatherrelated safety studies, represent the Safety Board in meteorological forums, and provide weather-related instruction and training to Safety Board staff and other accident investigators through the NTSB Academy. A primary emphasis of the meteorologist is the investigation and analysis of weather-related aspects of major transportation accidents and incidents. As a member of the Go-Team, which is launched for any major civil transportation accident, a meteorologist is continuously on-call for immediate deployment to the scene of a transportation disaster. The meteorologist serves as the Meteorology Group chairman for the accident. In that role, the meteorologist supervises and directs a group of specialists assembled from the parties to the investigation. The group is responsible for the collection of all weather information and data pertinent to the accident. The Safety Board meteorologist with the assistance of the group prepares a comprehensive factual report of the environmental conditions pertinent to the accident. An in-house analysis report prepared by the meteorologist details findings and conclusions concerning the meteorological aspects of the investigation and is the basis for possible weatherrelated safety recommendations. Other duties associated with a major weather-related accident may include the meteorologist’s participation in public hearings and the Safety Board’s meeting to determine “the probable cause of the accident.” Upon the request of foreign investigative agencies and under International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) agreements, the meteorologist may also assist in aviation accidents that occur outside of the United States. This involvement may range from traveling to the accident site as a member of the U.S. Investigative Team to providing technical and weather documentation support from Safety Board headquarters. In addition to major accident investigation activities, the meteorologist expends a considerable amount of time investigating weather-related general aviation accidents. While the complexities of managing a major accident investigation are not present, weather-related general aviation accidents require similar in-depth analyses of the accident weather conditions, pre-flight weather briefings, and validity of forecasts and
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