Why America? The globalization of civil war
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Source: www.salemstate.edu, Author: jocelyn_proto
Page: 7 pages
The PFLP claimed that the airplane was a legitimate military tar- get public buildings
(’barricade and hostage’ incidents), bombings of aircraft, and armed
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Article 7
Why America? The Globalization of Civil War
“Terrorism should be seen as a strategic reaction to American power in the context of a globalized civil war. Extremist religious beliefs play a role in motivating terrorism, but they also display an instrumental logic.”
MARTHA CRENSHAW
T
he magnitude of the September 11 assaults on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon was unprecedented in the history of terrorism. The method of attack represented a novel combination of the familiar tactics of aircraft hijackings, which began in 1968, and suicide bombings, which developed in the 1980s. The four simultaneous hijackings required much more complicated and long-term planning and organization than had previous terrorist actions. Subsequent investigations revealed the existence of a vast and complex transnational conspiracy behind the hijackings. The September 11 attacks are also the culmination of a pattern of anti-American terrorism on the international level. Since the late 1960s the United States has been a preferred target, the victim of approximately one-third of all international terrorist attacks over the past 30 years. In most instances Americans and American interests were attractive to the practitioners of terrorism because of United States support for unpopular local governments or regional enemies. This terrorism can thus be interpreted as a form of compellence: the use or threat of violence to compel the United States to withdraw from its external commitments. Terrorism should be seen as a strategic reaction to American power in the context of globalized civil war. Extremist religious beliefs play a role in motivating terrorism, but they also display an instrumental logic.
MAKING THE UNITED STATES THE TARGET
The development of international terrorism as it came to characterize the second half of the twentieth century was initially associated with left-wing social revolution. Beginning in 1965, the war in Vietnam legitimized anti-Ameri1
canism and equated hostility to the United States with antiimperialism and national liberation around the world. Independent terrorist campaigns also emerged simultaneously in Latin America, the Middle East, and Europe as a result of localized conflicts and issues. These converging waves of terrorism shared an important feature that distinguished them from earlier violence. Primarily, the attacks involved the seizure of hostages to make political demands on governments. They also involved attacks on diplomats and on civil aviation, a newly available and convenient target. In Central and South America, kidnappings and assassinations of American and other Western diplomats broke the taboo of diplomatic immunity. Revolutionary organizations, typically inspired by the Cuban example, wanted to demonstrate American complicity in perpetuating the military dictatorships they sought to overthrow. Their belief was that if the dependence of authoritarian regimes on superior outside power could either be revealed to the world or brought to an end, revolution could succeed. Unable to mobilize the countryside, their strategic emphasis shifted from rural insurgency to “urban guerrilla” warfare. Violent revolutionary campaigns flared briefly but were suppressed, often with extreme brutality, in the late 1960s and 1970s. In the Middle East, the stunning Arab defeat in the 1967 Arab-Israeli war and the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip aroused a Palestinian national consciousness. To the newly established Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) under the leadership of Yasir Arafat, the unmistakable lesson was that neither conventional war nor reliance on sympathetic Arab states could help the Palestinian cause. In 1968 the Popular Front for the Liberation
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