Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions
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Study 2). Specically, we examine the duration of cardio- vascular reactivity as
a a sad lm exhibited faster recovery from the cardiovascular activa- tion
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COGNITION AND EMOTION, 1998, 12 (2), 191± 220 NOTICE: This material may be protected By copyright law (Title 17 U.S. Code) Positive Emotions Speed Recovery from the Cardiovascular Sequelae of Negative Emotions BarbaraL. Fredrickson University of Michigan, USA RobertW. Levenson University of California, Berkeley, USA Two studies tested the hypothesis that certain positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. In Study 1, 60 subjects (Ss) viewed an initial fear-eliciting ® lm, and were randomly assigned to view a secondary ® lm that elicited: (a) contentment; (b) amuse- ment; (c) neutrality; or (d) sadness. Compared to Ss who viewed the neutral and sad secondary ® lms, those who viewed the positive ® lms exhibited more rapid returns to pre-® lm levels of cardiovascular activation. In Study 2, 72 Ss viewed a ® lm known to elicit sadness. Fifty Ss spontaneously smiled at least once while viewing this ® lm. Compared to Ss who did not smile, those who smiled exhibited more rapid returns to pre-® lm levels of cardiovascular activation. We discuss these ® ndings in terms of emotion theory and possi- ble health-promoting functions of positive emotions. INTRODUCTION Despite the currently burgeoning state of research on emotions, a review of this literature reveals an overwhelming focus on negative emotions and a relative neglect of positive emotions. Why is this? Requests for reprints should be sent to Barbara L. Fredrickson, at the Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 525 E. University, 3217 East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109± 1109, USA e-mail: blf@umich.edu; or to Robert W. Levenson, at the Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. This research was supported by a post-doctoral fellowship (NIMH 18931) awarded to the ® rst author, NIA grant AG07476 and NIMH grant MH50841 awarded to the second author, as well as NIA grant AG08816 awarded to Laura L. Carstensen of Stanford University. We wish to thank Phoebe Ellsworth and Randy Larsen for helpful comments on earlier versions of this article. Ó 1998 Psychology Press Ltd
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