… processing of social information from facial expressions: a functional magnetic resonance imaging …
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Therefore, we used func- tional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investi- gate
the processing of facial expressions conveying distinct social valences and
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Human Brain Mapping 9:93–105(2000)
Explicit and Implicit Neural Mechanisms for Processing of Social Information From Facial Expressions: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Hugo Critchley,1 Eileen Daly,1 Mary Phillips,1 Michael Brammer,2 Edward Bullmore,2 Steven Williams,3 Therese Van Amelsvoort,1 Dene Robertson,1 Anthony David,1 and Declan Murphy1*
1
Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, U.K. 2 Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, London, U.K. 3 Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, London, U.K.
Abstract: The processing of changing nonverbal social signals such as facial expressions is poorly understood, and it is unknown if different pathways are activated during effortful (explicit), compared to implicit, processing of facial expressions. Thus we used fMRI to determine which brain areas subserve processing of high-valence expressions and if distinct brain areas are activated when facial expressions are processed explicitly or implicitly. Nine healthy volunteers were scanned (1.5T GE Signa with ANMR, TE/TR 40/3,000 ms) during two similar experiments in which blocks of mixed happy and angry facial expressions (“on” condition) were alternated with blocks of neutral faces (control “off” condition). Experiment 1 examined explicit processing of expressions by requiring subjects to attend to, and judge, facial expression. Experiment 2 examined implicit processing of expressions by requiring subjects to attend to, and judge, facial gender, which was counterbalanced in both experimental conditions. Processing of facial expressions significantly increased regional blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activity in fusiform and middle temporal gyri, hippocampus, amygdalohippocampal junction, and pulvinar nucleus. Explicit processing evoked significantly more activity in temporal lobe cortex than implicit processing, whereas implicit processing evoked significantly greater activity in amygdala region. Mixed high-valence facial expressions are processed within temporal lobe visual cortex, thalamus, and amygdalohippocampal complex. Also, neural substrates for explicit and implicit processing of facial expressions are dissociable: explicit processing activates temporal lobe cortex, whereas implicit processing activates amygdala region. Our findings confirm a neuroanatomical dissociation between conscious and unconscious processing of emotional information. Hum. Brain Mapping 9:93–105, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: amygdala; conscious perception; emotion; extrastriate cortex; fusiform; hippocampus; middle temporal gyrus
INTRODUCTION Nonverbal signals, e.g., facial expressions, dynamically shape behaviour during social communication.
*Correspondence to: Declan Murphy, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, DeCrespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, U.K. E-mail: sphadgm@iop.kcl.ac.uk Received for publication 12 April 1999; accepted 4 October 1999.
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Moreover, adaptive social behaviour depends on perceiving and flexibly processing changes between social signals that convey different social meanings [e.g., Rolls et al., 1994; Hornak et al., 1996]. In unusual situations, effortful explicit interpretation of the meaning of social cues may be required to guide social responses. However, in familiar situations, social signals may be processed implicitly and behaviour responsively adapted without full cognitive awareness.
2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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