Positioning GSM telephones
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Positioning GSM Telephones
Christopher Drane, Malcolm Macnaughtan, and Craig Scott Computer Systems Engineering University of Technology, Sydney
ABSTRACT
Due to the FCC requirement that operators of mobile communications networks be able to accurately locate mobile callers requesting emergency assistance via 911 by the year 2001, there has been a lot of activity among cellular and PCS providers to examine cellular positioning options. This article examines positioning solutions for the GSM group of standards. Worldwide deployment of GSM systems is well underway, and the positioning characteristics of the various systems are similar. The authors examine the ability to derive position information from GSM signals, based on their May 1996 achievement of accurate position measurements using GSM. Features of GSM signals relevant to positioning are analyzed as well as results achieved and the authors’ ongoing positioning trials. Finally, other issues related to GSM positioning and mobile phone positioning in general are covered.
tioning are analyzed, and we review the results we have achieved and our ongoing positioning trials. A range of other issues related to GSM positioning, and mobile phone positioning in general, are also discussed.
he United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has required that, by 2001, operators of mobile communications networks be able to accurately locate mobile callers requesting emergency assistance via 911 [1]. Consequently there has been a flurry of activity across all cellular/personal communication services (PCS) operators to examine options for cellular positioning. To comply with the FCC ruling, any positioning solution must work with existing phones. Hence, adding a global positioning system (GPS) [2] capability to mobile phones is not a universal solution since operators would have to replace or retrofit every mobile telephone. In this article we examine positioning solutions for the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) group of standards [3]. GSM was developed as a European digital mobile telephone standard. It was first deployed in 1992 and is now widely used around the world. In the 900 MHz band (GSM 900) there are services operating in at least 53 countries covering Europe, Australia, South Africa, and parts of the Middle East and Asia. In the United States GSM is implemented at 1900 MHz and is referred to as GSM/PCS 1900 or GSM North America. In Europe and Asia GSM is also available at 1800 MHz; the standard is referred to as Digital Communication System (DCS 1800). From a positioning sy st e m v i e w p o i n t t h e s e s ys t e ms h av e s imil ar characteristics; the only significant difference is in the propagation characteristics at the different carrier frequencies. Thus, for the purposes of this article we will refer collectively to these systems as GSM, and make a distinction only when warranted. Even from the early days of GSM development and deployment it was understood that GSM had the potential to provide localization information [4]. This potential has only recently started to be realized with several organizations investigating GSM positioning [5, 6] and an increasing interest from manufacturers of GSM equipment and operators of GSM-based networks. In May 1996, the authors achieved accurate position measurements using GSM. In this article we examine the ability to derive position information from GSM signals. First, we set the scene by examining the potential applications for mobile telephone positioning and reviewing generic position measurement techniques and positioning system classification. Features of GSM signals relevant to posi-
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APPLICATIONS OF CELLULAR POSITIONING
There are a number of reasons why it is useful to be able to pinpoint the position of a mobile telephone, some of which are described below. Location-Sensitive Billing — Network operators can provide differential tariffs depending on the location of the mobile. This allows network operators without a copper-based public switched telephone network (PSTN) to offer competitive rates for calls from the home or office. Increased Subscriber Safety — A significant and increasing percentage of emergency (e.g., U.S. 911 calls) and distress calls (e.g., calls for roadside assistance) are being made from mobile phones, and in many cases the caller cannot provide accurate information as to their location. Automatic provision of position information, similar to that already available for calls made from fixed phones, will ensure that the emergency vehicle is dispatched to the correct location. The benefits are twofold: faster response time and more efficient use of emergency resources. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) — M any services envisaged under the ITS initiative [7] will require position information, often in conjunction with a communications channel, to be effective. The ability to position a mobile telephone could enable services such as providing information to travelers, more effective dispatch of vehicles in fleets, and detecting traffic incidents and congestion. Enhanced Network Performance — A t the microscopic level, accurately monitoring the movement of mobile telephones enables a cellular communications network to make better decisions on when to hand over from one cell to the next. Macroscopically, long-term monitoring of mobile telephone positions provides excellent input to the planning of the cellular network. Of these applications, the most important in the short term is increased subscriber safety because of the FCC requirement to locate emergency (911) calls [1]. In the longer term, the other market-oriented applications are likely to become more significant.
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0163-6804/98/$10.00 © 1998 IEEE
IEEE Communications Magazine • April 1998
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